A landfill site, also known as a dump, rubbish dump, garbage dump, or dumping ground, is a site for the disposal of waste materials. The safe and reliable long-term disposal of solid waste residuals is an important component of integrated solid waste management. Solid waste residues are waste components that are not recovered from conversion products or energy. Historically these wastes have been
Water supply design involves providing convenient and sufficient access to safe and potable /palatable water in a given design area and given design period of time. Also have to fulfill these requirements at a minimum cost for the construction, operation, and maintenance of the project. 1.1 Water supply design includes; 1.2 Water sources After estimating
The structural design basis starts with the type of structure to be designed. For any structural design to commence, we require certain data. These data include information about the type of structure, site conditions, loading conditions, type of environmental exposure, earthquake zone, and wind zone. Site Conditions: The structural design of the foundation requires soil
Brick masonry is a sturdy form of construction where bricks are systematically placed in a mortar to create a solid structure. Brick is one of the most durable and versatile building materials used for both commercial and residential homes. Brick masonry is built with bricks bonded together with mortar. For temporary sheds, mud mortar may be
Various Metals for construction works be broadly classified as ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals. The properties and uses of ferrous metals and some important non-ferrous materials like aluminum and copper are explained here. Ferrous Metals Ferrous material is one in which iron is the main constituent. Iron ore is first converted into pig iron and
Aluminium Aluminium is a chemical element with the symbol Al and its atomic number is 13. It is present on the surface of the earth’s crust in most of the rocks and clay. But to produce the metal bauxite (Al2O3. 2H2O) is ideally suited ore. Properties of Aluminium Uses of Aluminium Copper It is a naturally
What is Mortar?, Mortar can be defined as the material used in building construction to bond brick, stone, tile, or concrete blocks into a structure. Mortar consists of inert siliceous (sandy) material mixed with cement and water in such proportions that the resulting substance will be sufficiently plastic to enable ready application with the mason’s trowel and to flow slightly but not collapse
Plain concrete, commonly known as concrete, is a mixture of binding material, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate, and water. This can be easily molded to desired shape and size before it loses plasticity and hardens. Plain concrete is strong in compression but very weak in tension. The tensile property is introduced in concrete by inducting different